Copper

Based on the analysis of the provided academic publications, here is a concise summary regarding copper supplementation:

1. Key Benefits and Effects: Copper is essential for various physiological functions, including energy production, iron metabolism, brain development, and the functioning of the nervous and immune systems. It also plays a role in antioxidant defense and may have benefits for cardiovascular health by increasing blood copper enzyme activities.

2. Safety Considerations: Both copper deficiency and excess can lead to health problems, emphasizing the importance of maintaining copper homeostasis. Potential risks of excessive intake have been highlighted, suggesting that current regulatory health criteria for copper may need to be revised to ensure safety.

3. Recommended Usage: The precise dietary requirement for copper is still unresolved, and further research is needed to establish safe and optimal intake levels. However, the studies suggest that supplementation may be beneficial in certain cases, but caution against overuse due to potential toxicity.

4. Scientific Strength of Evidence: The scientific strength of evidence is moderate to high, with credibility scores ranging from 6.3 to 9.0. While the essential role of copper in human health is well-established, there are still unresolved issues regarding the precise dietary requirement for copper and the full impact of supplementation on health parameters such as cardiovascular health.

In conclusion, while copper plays a crucial role in many bodily functions, it is important to maintain a balance. Supplementation may be beneficial, especially in cases of deficiency, but should be approached with caution due to potential risks associated with excessive intake. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any supplementation regimen.