Calcium

Based on the analysis of the above academic publications, here is a concise summary:

1. Key Benefits and Effects: Calcium supplementation has been shown to provide significant benefits for bone health, particularly in reducing the risk of osteoporosis in older women. It may also have a protective effect against certain types of cancers, such as colorectal cancer. However, the benefits of calcium supplementation for cardiovascular health and overall reduction in invasive cancer risk are less clear.

2. Safety Considerations: While generally safe, calcium supplementation has been associated with potential health risks. These include an increased risk of cardiovascular events and kidney stones. Therefore, individual assessment and consideration of these potential risks are necessary before starting calcium supplementation.

3. Recommended Usage: The studies suggest that dietary calcium intake might be more beneficial and safer than calcium supplementation. Therefore, it might be advisable to aim for adequate calcium intake through diet first. If supplementation is considered, it should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional to ensure safety and effectiveness.

4. Scientific Strength of Evidence: The evidence strength varies across the studies, with credibility scores ranging from 7.38 to 8.0. While there is strong evidence supporting the benefits of calcium for bone health, the evidence is less clear and somewhat contradictory regarding its impact on cardiovascular health and cancer risk. More research is needed to fully understand the benefits and risks of calcium supplementation.

In conclusion, while calcium supplementation can provide certain health benefits, it also carries potential risks. Therefore, it’s important for individuals to consider their personal health status, consult with healthcare professionals, and prioritize dietary intake of calcium before deciding to take this supplement.